class response for literature review

     Two apparent arguments among all of my reference are about the definitions of social exclusion and the relationship between social exclusion and inclusion.

     The first argument is that some definitions of exclusion emphasize full participation in society is the essential element of social exclusion, while others emphasize other elements, such as citizenship and social relationship. Alan Walker and Carol Walker (1997) consider social exclusion as a dynamic process of being fully shut out from the social, economic, political and cultural systems (8). Maxwell (1998) defines social exclusion as "the process through which individuals or groups are wholly or partially excluded from full participation in the society in which they live (2)." While Hillary (1994) stated that social rights of citizens had the foremost relation with social exclusion (566).

     The second argument is about the relationship between social exclusion and inclusion. Some scholars emphasize the symmetry of the relationship between social exclusion and inclusion, while others emphasize the asymmetry. Pradhan (2006) stated that social exclusion and inclusion “are considered obverse of each other, like two sides of a coin (9).” Also, O'Reilly (2006) argued that social exclusion and inclusion were the “extreme poles (84).” While Cameron (2006) put forward an opposed opinion that the concepts of exclusion and inclusion were asymmetrical (401).